On Monastic Institutions
1. I happened the other day to take a solitary walk amongst the venerable ruins of an
old abbey. The stillness and solemnity of the place were favourable to thought, and
naturally led me to a train of ideas relative to the scene; when, like a good
protestant, I began to indulge a secret triumph in the ruin of so many structures
which I had always considered as the haunts of ignorance and superstition.
2. Ye are fallen, said I, ye dark and gloomy mansions of mistaken zeal, where the proud
priest and lazy monk fattened upon the riches of the land, and crept like vermin
from their cells to spread their poisonous doctrines through the nation, and disturb
the peace of kings. Obscure in their origin, but daring and ambitious in their
guilt! See how the pure light of heaven is clouded by the dim glass of the arched
window, stained with the gaudy colours of monkish tales and legendary fiction; fit
emblem how reluctantly they admitted the fairer light of truth amidst these dark
recesses, and how much they have debased its genuine
lustre! The low cells, the long
and narrow aisles, the gloomy arches, the damp and secret caverns which wind beneath
the hollow ground, far from impressing on the mind the idea of the God of truth and
love, seem only fit for those dark places of the earth in which are the habitations
of cruelty. These massy stones and scattered reliques of the vast edifice, like the
large bones and gigantic armour of a once formidable ruffian, produce emotions of
mingled dread and exultation. Farewel, ye once venerated seats! enough of you
remains, and may it always remain, to remind us from what we have escaped, and make
posterity for ever thankful for this fairer age of liberty and light.
3. Such were for a while my meditations; but it is cruel to insult a fallen enemy, and
I gradually fell into a different train of thought. I began to consider whether
something might not be advanced in favour of these institutions during the barbarous
ages in which they flourished; and though they have been productive of much mischief
and superstition, whether they might not have spread the glimmering of a feeble ray
of knowledge through that thick night which once involved the western hemisphere.
4. And where, indeed, could the precious remains of classical learning, and the divine
monuments of ancient taste, have been safely lodged amidst
the ravages of that age
of fercosity and rapine which succeeded the desolation of the Roman empire, except
in sanctuaries like these, consecrated by the superstition of the times beyond their
intrinsic merit? The frequency of wars, and the licentious cruelty with which they
were conducted, left neither the hamlet of the peasant nor the castle of the baron
free from depredation; but the church and monastery generally remained inviolate.
There Homer and Aristotle were obliged to shroud their heads from the rage of Gothic
ignorance; and there the sacred records of divine truth were preserved, like
treasure hid in the earth in troublesome times, safe, but unenjoyed. Some of the
barbarous nations were converted before their conquests, and most of them soon after
their settlement in the countries they over-ran. Those buildings which their new
faith taught them to venerate, afforded a shelter for those valuable manuscripts,
which must otherwise have been destroyed in the common wreck. At the revival of
learning, they were produced from their dormitories. A copy of the pandects of
Justinian, that valuable remain of Roman law, which first gave to Europe the idea of
a more perfect jurisprudence, and gave men a relish for a new and important study,
was discovered in a monastery of Amalphi. Most of the classics were recovered by the
same means; and to this it is owing, to the books and learning preserved in these
repositories, that we were not obliged to begin anew, and trace every art by slow
and uncertain steps from its first origin. Science, already full-grown and vigorous,
awaked as from a trance, shook her pinions, and soon soared to the heights of
knowledge.
5. Nor was she entirely idle during her recess; at least we cannot but confess that
what little learning remained in the world was amongst the priests and religious
orders. Books, before the invention of paper, and the art of printing, were so dear,
that few private persons possessed any. The only libraries were in convents; and the
monks were often employed in transcribing manuscripts, which was a very tedious, and
at that time a very necessary task. It was frequently enjoined as a penance for some
slight offence, or given as an exercise to the younger part of the community. The
monks were obliged by their rules to spend some stated hours every day in reading
and study; nor was any one to be chosen abbot without a competent share of learning.
They were the only historians; and though their accounts be interwoven with many a
legendary tale, and darkened by much superstition, still they are better than no
histories at all; and we cannot but think ourselves obliged to them for transmitting
to us, in any dress, the annals of their country.
6. They were likewise almost the sole instructors of youth. Towards the end of the
tenth century, there were no schools in Europe but the monasteries, and those which
belonged to episcopal residences; nor any masters but the Benedictines. It is true,
their course of education extended no further than what they called the seven
liberal arts, and these were taught in a very dry and uninteresting manner. But this
was the genius of the age, and it should not be imputed to them as a reproach that
they did not teach well, when no one taught better. We are guilty of great
unfairness when we compare the school-men with the philosophers of a more
enlightened age: we should contrast them with those of their own times; with a
high-constable of France who could not read; with kings who made the sign of the
cross in confirmation of their charters, because they could not write their names;
with a whole people without the least glimmering of taste or literature. Whatever
was their real knowledge, there was a much greater difference between men of
learning, and the bulk of the nation at that time, than there is at present; and
certainly, some of the disciples of those schools who, though now fallen into
disrepute, were revered in their day by the names of the subtle, or the angelic
doctors, showed an acuteness and strength of genius, which, if properly directed,
would have gone far in philosophy;
and they only failed because their inquires were
not the objects of the human powers. Had they exercised half that acuteness on facts
and experiments, they had been truly great men. However, there were not wanting
some, even in the darkest ages, whose names will be always remembered with pleasure
by the lovers of science. Alcuin, the preceptor of Charlemangne, the first who
introduced a taste for polite literature into France, and the chief instrument that
prince made use of in his noble endeavours for the encouragement of learning; to
whom the universities of Soissons, Tours and Paris owe their origin: the historians,
Matthew Paris and William of Malmsbury; the elegant and unfortunate Abelard; and, to
crown the rest, the English Franciscan, Roger Bacon.
7. It may be here observed, that forbidding the vulgar tongue in the offices of
devotion, and in reading the Scriptures, though undoubtedly a great corruption in
the Christian church, was of infinite service to the interests of learning. When the
ecclesiastics had locked up their religion in a foreign tongue, they would take care
not to lose the key. This gave an importance to the learned languages; and every
scholar could not only read, but wrote and disputed in Latin, which without such a
motive would probably have been no more studied than the Chinese. And at a time when
the modern languages of Europe were yet un-
formed and Barbarous, Latin was of great
use as a kind of universal tongue, by which learned men might converse and
correspond with each other.
8. Indeed the monks were almost the only set of men who had leisure or opportunity to
pay the least attention to literary subjects. A learned education (and a very little
went to that title) was reckoned peculiar to the religious. It was almost esteemed a
blemish on the savage and martial character of the gentry, to have any tincture of
letters. A man, therefore, of a studious and retired turn, averse to quarrels, and
not desirous of the fierce and sanguinary glory of those times, beheld in the
cloister a peaceful and honourable sanctuary; where, without the reproach of
cowardice, or danger of invasion, he might devote himself to learning, associate
with men of his own turn, and have free access to libraries and manuscripts. In this
enlightened and polished age, where learning is diffused through every rank, and
many a merchant's clerk possesses more real knowledge than half the literati of that
era, we can scarcely conceive how gross an ignorance overpread those times, and how
totally all useful learning might have been lost amongst us, had it not been for an
order of men, vested with peculiar privileges, and protected by even a superstitious
degree of reverence.
9. Thus the Muses, with their attendant arts, in
strange disguise indeed, and uncouth
trappings, took refuge in the peaceful gloom of the convent. Statuary carved a
madonna or a crucifix; Painting illuminated a missal; Eloquence made the panegyric
of a saint: and History composed a legend. Yet still they breathed, and were ready,
at any happier period, to emerge from obscurity with all their native charms and
undiminished lustre.
10. But there were other views in which those who devoted themselves to a monastic life
might be supposed useful to society. They were often employed either in cultivating
their gardens, or in curious mechanical works; as indeed the nuns are still famous
for many elegant and ingenious manufactures. By the constant communication they had
with those of their own order, and with their common head at Rome, they maintained
some intercourse between nations at a time when travelling was dangerous, and
commerce had not, as now, made the most distant parts of the globe familiar to each
other: and they kept up a more intimate bond of union amongst learned men of all
countries, who would otherwise have been secluded from all knowledge of each other.
A monk might travel with more convenience than any one else; his person was safer,
and he was sure of meeting with proper accommodations. The intercourse with Rome
must have been peculiarly
favourable to these northern nations; as Italy for a long
time led the way in every improvement of politeness or literature: and if we
imported their superstition, we likewise imported their manufactures, their
knowledge, and their taste. Thus Alfred sent for Italian monks, when he wanted to
civilise his people, and introduce amongst them some tincture of letters. It may
likewise be presumed that they tempered the rigour of monarchy. Indeed they, as well
as the sovereigns, endeavoured to enslave the people; but subjection was not likely
to be so abject and unlimited where the object of it was divided, and each showed by
turns that the other might be opposed. It must have been of service to the cause of
liberty to have a set of men, whose laws, privileges, and immunities the most daring
kings were afraid to trample on; and this, before a more enlightened spirit of
freedom had arisen, might have its effect in preventing the states of Christendom
from falling into such entire slavery as the Asiatics.
11. Such an order would in some degree check the excessive regard paid to birth. A man of
mean origin and obscure parentage saw himself excluded from almost every path of
secular preferment, and almost treated as a being of an inferior species by the high
and haughty spirit of the gentry; but he was at liberty to aspire to the highest
dignities of the church; and there have
been many who, like Sextus, V., have by
their industry and personal merit alone raised themselves to a level with kings.
12. It should likewise be remembered that many of the orders were charitable
institutions; as the knights of faith and charity in the thirteenth
century, who were associated for the purpose of suppressing those bands of robbers
which infested the public roads in France; the brethren of the order of the
redemption, for redeeming slaves from the Mahometans; the order of
St. Anthony, first established for the relief of the poor under certain
disorders; and the brethren and sisters of the pious and christian
schools, for educating poor children. These supplied the place of hospitals
and other such foundations, which are now established on the broader basis of public
benevolence. To bind up the wounds of the stranger, was peculiarly the office of the
inhabitants of the convent; and they often shared the charities they received. The
exercise of hospitality is still their characteristic, and must have been of
particular use formerly, when there were not the conveniences and accommodations for
travelling which we now enjoy. The learned stranger was always sure of an agreeable
residence amongst them; and as they all understood Latin, they served him for
interpreters, and introduced him to a sight of whatever was curious or valuable in
the countries
which he visited. They checked the spirit of savage fierceness, to
which our warlike ancestors were so prone, with the mildness and sanctity of
religious influences; they preserved some respect to law and order, and often
decided controversies by means less bloody than the sword, though confessedly more
superstitious.
13. A proof that these institutions had a favourable aspect towards civilisation may be
drawn from a late history of Ireland. "Soon after the introduction of
chrisitianity into that kingdom," says Dr. Leland, "the monks
fixed their habitations in deserts, which they cultivated with their own hands, and
rendered the most delightful spots in the kingdom. These deserts became well policed
cities; and it is remarkable enough, that to the monks we owe so useful an
institution in Ireland as bringing great numbers together into one civil community.
In these cities the monks set up schools, and taught, not only the youth of Ireland,
but the neighbouring nations; furnishing them also with books. They became umpires
between contending chiefs, and when they could not confine them within the bounds of
reason and religion, at least terrified them by denouncing divine vengeance against
their excesses."
14. Let it be considered too, that when the minds of men began to open, some of the most
eminent reformers sprung from the bosom of the church,
and even of the convent. It
was not the laity who began to think. The ecclesiastics were the first to perceive
the errors they had introduced. The church was reformed from within, not from
without; and like the silk-worm, when ripened in their cells to maturer vigour and
perfection, they pierced the cloud themselves had spun, and within which they had so
long been enveloped.
15. And let not the good protestant be too much startled if I here venture to insinuate,
that the monasteries were schools of some high and respectable virtues. Poverty,
chastity, and a renunciation of the world, were certainly intended in the first plan
of these institutions; and though, from the unavoidable frailty of human nature,
they were not always observed, certain it is, that many individuals amongst them
have been striking examples of the self-denying virtues: and as the influence they
acquired was only built upon the voluntary homage of the mind, it may be presumed
such an ascendancy was not originally gained without some species of merit. The
fondness for monkery is easily deduced from some of the best principles in the human
heart. It was indeed necessity, that in the third century first drove the christians
to shelter themselves from the Decian persecution in the solitary deserts of
Thebais; but the humour soon spread, and numbers under the name of hermits, or
eremites, se-
cluded themselves from the commerce of mankind, choosing the wildest
solitudes, living in caves and hollows of the rocks, and subsisting on such roots
and herbs as the ground afforded them. About the fourth century they were gathered
into communities, and increased with surprising rapidity. It was then that, by a
great and sudden revolution, the fury of persecution had ceased, and the governing
powers were become friendly to christianity. But the agitation of men's minds did
not immediately subside with the storm. The christians had so long experienced the
necessity of resigning all the enjoyments of life, and were so detached from every
tie which might interfere with the profession of their faith, that upon a more
favourable turn of affairs they hardly dared open their minds to pleasurable
emotions. They thought the life of a good man must be a continual warfare between
mind and body; and having been long used to see ease and safety on the one side, and
virtue on the other, no wonder if the association was so strong in their minds, as
to suggest the necessity of voluntary mortification, and lead them to inflict those
sufferings upon themselves, which they no longer apprehended from others. They had
continually experienced the amazing effects of christianity in supporting its
followers under hardship, tortures, and death; and they thought little of its
influence in regulating the common behaviour of life, if it produced none of those
great exertions they had been used to contemplate. They were struck with the change
from heathen licentiousness to the purity of the gospel; and thought they could
never be far enough removed from that bondage of the senses which it had just cost
them so violent a struggle to escape. The minds of men were working with
newly-received opinions, not yet mellowed into a rational faith; and the young
converts, astonished at the grandeur and sublimity of the doctrines which then first
entered their hearts with irresistible force, thought them worthy to engross their
whole attention. The mystic dreams of the Platonist mingled with the enthusiasm of
the martyr; and it soon became the prevailing opinion, that silence, solitude, and
contemplation, were necessary for the reception of divine truth. Mistaken ideas
prevailed of a purity and perfection far superior to the rules of common life, which
was only to be attained by those who denied themselves all the indulgences of sense;
and thus the ascetic severities of the cloister succeeded in some degree to the
philosophic poverty of the Cynic school, and the lofty virtues of the Stoic.
16. Indeed, it is now the prevailing taste in morals to decry every observance which has
the least appearance of rigour; and to insist only on the softer virtues. But let it
be remembered, that
self-command and self-denial are as necessary to the practice of
benevolence, charity, and compassion, as to any other duty; that it is impossible to
live to others without denying ourselves; and that the man who has not yet learned
to curb his appetites and passions is ill qualified for those sacrifices which the
friendly affections are continually requiring of him. The man who has that one
quality of self-command will find little difficulty in the practice of any other
duty; as, on the contrary, he who has it not, though possessed of the gentlest
feelings, and most refined sensibilities, will soon find his benevolence sink into a
mere companionable easiness of temper, neither useful to others nor happy for
himself. A noble enthusiasm is sometimes of use to show how far human nature can go.
Though it may not be proper, or desirable, that numbers should seclude themselves
from the common duties and ordinary avocations of life, for the austerer lessons of
the cloister, yet it is not unuseful that some should push their virtues to even a
romantic height; and it is encouraging to reflect in the hour of temptation, that
the love of ease, the aversion to pain, every appetite and passion, and even the
strongest propensities in our nature, have been controuled; that the empire of mind
over the body has been asserted in its fullest extent; and that there have been men
in all ages capable of voluntarily renouncing all the world offers, voluntarily
suffering all its dreads, and living independent, and unconnected with it. Nor was
it a small advantage, or ill calculated to support the dignity of science, that a
man of learning might be respectable in a coarse gown, a leathern girdle, and
bare-footed. Cardinal Ximenes preserved the severe simplicity of a convent amidst
the pomp and luxury of palaces; and to those who thus thought it becoming in the
highest stations to affect the appearance of poverty, the reality surely could not
be very dreadful.
17. There is yet another light in which there institutions may be considered. It is
surely not improper to provide a retreat for those who, stained by some deep and
enormous crime, wish to expiate by severe and uncommon penitence those offences
which render them unworthy of freer commerce with the world. Repentance is never so
secure from a relapse as when it breaks off at once from every former connexion, and
entering upon a new course of life, bids adieu to every object that might revive the
idea of temptations which have once prevailed. In these solemn retreats, the
stillness and acknowledged sanctity of the place, with the striking novelty of every
thing around them, might have great influence in calming the passions; might break
the force of habit, and suddenly induce a new turn of thinking.
There are likewise
afflictions so overwhelming to humanity, that they leave no relish in the mind for
any thing else than to enjoy its own melancholy in silence and solitude; and to a
heart torn with remorse, or oppressed with sorrow, the gloomy severities of La
Trappe are really a relief. Retirement is also the favourite wish of age. Many a
statesman, and many a warrior, sick of the bustle of that world to which they had
devoted the prime of their days, have longed for some quiet cell, where, like
Cardinal Wolsey, or Charles the Fifth, they might shroud their gray hairs, and lose
sight of the follies with which they had been too much tainted.
18. Though there is, perhaps, less to plead for immuring beauty in a cloister, and
confining that part of the species who are formed to shine in families and sweeten
society, to the barren duties and austere discipline of a monastic life, yet
circumstances might occur, in which they would, even to a woman, be a welcome
refuge. A young female, whom accident or war had deprived of her natural protectors,
must, in an age of barbarism, be peculiarly exposed and helpless. A convent offered
her an asylum where she might be safe at least, if not happy; and add to the
consciousness of unviolated virtue the flattering dreams of angelic purity and
perfection. There were orders, as well amongst the women as the
men, instituted for
charitable purposes, such as that of the virgins of love, or
daughters of mercy, founded in 1660, for the relief of the sick
poor; with others for instructing their children. These must have been peculiarly
suited to the softness and compassion of the sex; and to this it is no doubt owing,
that still, in catholic countries, ladies of the highest rank often visit the
hospitals and houses of the poor; waiting on them with the most tender assiduity,
and performing such offices as our protestant ladies would be shocked at the
thoughts of. We should also consider, that most of the females who now take the veil
are such as have no agreeable prospects in life. Why should not these be allowed to
quit a world which will never miss them? It is easier to retire from the public than
to support its disregard. The convent is to them a shelter from poverty and neglect.
Their little community grows dear to them. The equality which subsists among these
sisters of obscurity, the similarity of their fate, the peace, the leisure they
enjoy, give rise to the most endearing friendships. Their innocence is shielded by
the simplicity of their life from even the idea of ill; and they are flattered by
the notion of a voluntary renunciation of pleasures, which, probably, had they
continued in the world, they would have had little share in.
19. After all that can be said, we have reason
enough to rejoice that the superstitions
of former times are now fallen into disrepute. What might be a palliative at one
time, soon became a crying evil in itself. When the fuller day of science began to
dawn, the monkish orders were willing to exclude its brightness, that the dim lamp
might still glimmer in their cell. Their growing vices have rendered them justly
odious to society, and they seem in a fair way of being for ever abolished. But may
we not still hope that the world was better than it would have been without them;
and that He, who knows to bring good out of evil, has made them, in their day,
subservient to some useful purposes. The corruptions of christianity, which have
been accumulating for so many ages, seem to be now gradually clearing away, and some
future period may perhaps exhibit our religion in all its native simplicity.
So the pure limpid stream, when foul with stains |
Of rushing torrents and descending rains, |
Of rushing torrents and descending rains, |
Till by degrees the floating mirror shines; |
Reflects each flower that on its borders grows, |
And a new heaven in its fair bosom shows. |
Date: 1825
(revised 02/08/2005) Author: Anna Letitia Barbauld
(revised Zach Weir).
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